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<title>NeXT Computer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NeXT Computer</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the desktop computer. For the company, see <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">NeXT Computer</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, <a href="Redwood_City%2C_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988-10-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>6,500</span> (equivalent to $17,300 in 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1991</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">Motorola 68030</a> @ 25 <a href="MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a>, <a href="Motorola_68882" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68882">68882</a> <a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPU</a> @ 25 MHz, <a href="Motorola_56000" title="Motorola 56000">56001</a> <a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> @ 25 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">Shipped with 8 <a href="Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>, expandable to 64 MB using 4 MB <a href="SIMM" title="SIMM">SIMMs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Storage</th><td class="infobox-data">256 MB <a href="Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical drive</a>, optional 330 MB or 660 MB <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">MegaPixel 17"</a> <a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Graphics</th><td class="infobox-data">1120×832, four-level <a href="Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound</th><td class="infobox-data">Built-in <a href="Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">speaker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">85-key keyboard, 2-button mouse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connectivity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">300 Watts, 3 Amperes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">1-foot (305 mm) <a href="Die-casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Die-casting">die-cast</a> <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> cube-shaped case</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>NeXT Computer</b> (also called the <b>NeXT Computer System</b>) is a <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> computer that was developed, marketed, and sold by <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT Inc.</a> It was introduced in October 1988 as the company's first and flagship product, at a price of <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>6,500</span> (equivalent to $17,300 in 2024), aimed at the higher-education market.<sup id="cite_ref-smgc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smgc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed around the <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> <a href="Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">68030</a> <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> and <a href="Motorola_68882" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68882">68882</a> <a href="Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point</a> <a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-smgc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smgc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a clock speed of <span class="nowrap">25 MHz</span>. Its <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system is based on the <a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a> microkernel and <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>-derived <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, with a proprietary GUI using a <a href="Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a>-based back end. According to the Science Museum Group, "The enclosure consists of a 1-foot (<span class="nowrap">304.8 mm</span>) <a href="Die-casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Die-casting">die-cast</a> <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> cube-shaped black case, which led to the machine being informally referred to as 'The Cube'."<sup id="cite_ref-smgc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smgc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The NeXT Computer was renamed <a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> in a later upgrade. The <a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a>, a more affordable version of the NeXTcube, was released in 1990.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch">Launch</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="NeXT_Introduction" title="NeXT Introduction">NeXT Introduction</a></div>

<p>The NeXT Computer was launched in October 1988 at a lavish invitation-only event, "<a href="NeXT_Introduction" title="NeXT Introduction">NeXT Introduction</a> – the Introduction to the NeXT Generation of Computers for Education" at the <a href="Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall" title="Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall">Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall</a> in <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California. The next day, selected educators and software developers were invited to attend—for a $100 registration fee—the first public technical overview of the NeXT computer at an event called "The NeXT Day" at the San Francisco Hilton. It gave those interested in developing NeXT software an insight into the system's software architecture and <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> was the luncheon's speaker.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

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<p>In 1989, <i><a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a></i> magazine listed the NeXT Computer among the "Excellence" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it showed "what can be done when a personal computer is designed as a system, and not a collection of hardware elements". Citing as "truly innovative" the optical drive, DSP and object-oriented programming environment, it concluded that "the NeXT Computer is worth every penny of its $6,500 market price".<sup id="cite_ref-byte198901_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198901-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> was not a significant commercial success, failing to reach the high-volume sales of the <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a>, or <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>. This was mainly blamed on the computer's substantial price, and the fact that there was not a great demand for the system outside of the higher-education market. Next Computers were mainly sold to universities, financial institutions, and government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-smgc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smgc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>A NeXT Computer and its <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> development tools and libraries were used by <a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and <a href="Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a> at <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> to develop the world's first <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> (<a href="CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a>) and <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> (<a href="WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>).

</p><p>The NeXT platform was used by Jesse Tayler at Paget Press to develop the first electronic <a href="App_store" title="App store">app store</a>, called the Electronic AppWrapper, in the early 1990s. Issue #3 was first demonstrated to <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> at NeXTWorld Expo 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pioneering PC games <i><a href="Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, <i><a href="Doom_II" title="Doom II">Doom II</a></i>, and <i><a href="Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i> (with respective level editors) were <a href="Development_of_Doom#Programming" title="Development of Doom">developed</a> by <a href="Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> on NeXT machines. <a href="Doom_engine" title="Doom engine"><i>Doom</i> engine</a> games such as <i><a href="Heretic_(video_game)" title="Heretic (video game)">Heretic</a></i>, <i><a href="Hexen%3A_Beyond_Heretic" title="Hexen: Beyond Heretic">Hexen</a></i>, and <i><a href="Strife_(1996_video_game)" title="Strife (1996 video game)">Strife</a></i> were also developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NeXT technology provisioned the first online food delivery system called CyberSlice, using GIS based geolocation, on which Steve Jobs performed the first online order of pizza with tomato and basil. CyberSlice was curated into the Inventions of the 20th Century, Computer Science<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Previous_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Previous (software)">Previous</a>, emulator of NeXT hardware</li>

<li><a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTcube_Turbo" title="NeXTcube Turbo">NeXTcube Turbo</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT character set</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_Mac_G4_Cube" title="Power Mac G4 Cube">Power Mac G4 Cube</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8094437/next-computer-personal-computer">"NeXT Computer | Science Museum Group Collection"</a>. <i>collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-byte198901-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byte198901_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets#page/n371/mode/2up">"The BYTE Awards"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. January 1989. p. 327.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Blessin2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Rob Blessin (2024-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndZnF555USI"><i>Electronic App Wrapper Sept 93 NeXT CD 1st App Store Jesse Tayler, Yes Black Holes Exist Rob Blessin</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-22</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305165006/http://rome.ro/2006/12/apple-next-merger-birthday.html">"Apple-NeXT Merger Birthday!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rome.ro/2006/12/apple-next-merger-birthday.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2007.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=Cyberslice">"CyberSlice, Incorporated"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325162012/https://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=Cyberslice">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appstorey.com/2019/06/06/appstorey-talks-with-steve-green/">"AppStorey talks with Steve Green about Steve Jobs, The Smithsonian and how a pizza with basil became the first food delivered via the web"</a>. <i>AppStorey</i>. June 6, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607195248/https://appstorey.com/2019/06/06/appstorey-talks-with-steve-green/">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPMQ_Pizza_Magazine2019" class="citation cs2">PMQ Pizza Magazine (June 3, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxR6I-KRAug"><i>How Steve Jobs Made Pizza History</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oxR6I-KRAug">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NeXT">NeXT</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li>Byte Magazine, November 1988: The NeXT Computer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byte-1988-11-next">Facsimile</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byte-1988-11-next">Full text</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simson.net/ref/NeXT/index.html">Simson Garfinkel's NeXT pages</a> including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/">NeXTWorld Magazine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/index.html">The Best of NeXT Collection</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/brochure_index.htm">NeXT Computer brochure (page 7 contains a full size image of the circuit board)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=277">old-computers.com — NeXTcube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnmiranda.com/next.htm">Photos of black hardware</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="NeXT290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Patrick_Crecine" title="John Patrick Crecine">John Patrick Crecine</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Team members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Susan_Barnes_(computing)" title="Susan Barnes (computing)">Susan Barnes</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Crow" title="George Crow">George Crow</a></li>

<li><a href="Joanna_Hoffman" title="Joanna Hoffman">Joanna Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_Kare" title="Susan Kare">Susan Kare</a></li>

<li><a href="Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bud_Tribble" title="Bud Tribble">Bud Tribble</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTcube_Turbo" title="NeXTcube Turbo">NeXTcube Turbo</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">NeXT MegaPixel Display</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXT_Laser_Printer" title="NeXT Laser Printer">NeXT Laser Printer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li>

<li><a href="WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a></li>

<li><a href="Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NeXT">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4045099#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4045099#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89002261">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543993305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f97b3313-5367-4171-b034-e4136ec24b82">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=NeXT_Computer&oldid=1304158989">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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